Dai X, Dharmage SC, Bowatte G, Waidyatillake NT, Perret JL, Hui J, et al
It also decreased the fraction of EpCAM+/CD133+ HCC cells and inhibited sphere formation
On metabolic stress, ASCT2 ( SLC1A5 ), LAT1 ( SLC7A5 ), CAT1 ( SLC7A1 ), GLYT1 ( SLC6A9 ), and xCT, the light chain subunit of system (SLC7A11), are elevated by ATF4 activation, which facilitates the uptake of glutamine, leucine, arginine, lysine, glycine, and cystine (Lopez et al., 2007
Furthermore, the mitochondrial outer membrane provides a platform for the assembly of signaling complexes like the mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS) protein, which is critical for initiating robust antiviral interferon responses upon viral RNA detection ( Mitochondria are not passive energy factories but dynamic, signaling organelles that interpret metabolic cues to dictate immune cell responses